![]() However, if the constant charging current is below 0.5 C, the charging time can be increased significantly. The CC charging is more suitable for slow charging with a 0.5 C-rate (C) and a typical charging time of 2 h. The current decreases until the end of charge current I E O C to prevent damage to the battery. When the voltage reaches the switch voltage V s w, which is a predefined voltage that is very close to the full charge voltage V f u l l, the CV stage starts. At the first stage, the battery is charged using a constant current I c h a. There are two charging stages for the CC-CV charging strategy, as shown in Figure 2. With the combination of the CC mode and CV mode, the Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) charging strategy was proposed and regarded as a practical method to charge batteries due to the simple implementation. The Constant Current (CC) charging strategy and Constant Voltage (CV) charging strategy are the two simple charging modes. The L i + ions are extracted from the positive electrode and intercalated to the negative electrode. The schematic of a Li-ion battery cell during the charging process is presented in Figure 1. ![]() The weight of these impact factors on lifetime, charging speed, charging/discharging capacity, and the temperature rising of batteries is presented, which provides guidance to design advanced charging/discharging strategies as well as to determine future research gaps. Then the main impact factors of the PPC strategy and the NPC strategy are analyzed and discussed. An overview of the impact of pulsed current techniques on the performance of Li-ion batteries is presented. This paper summarizes the existing pulsed current modes, which are positive Pulsed Current Mode (PPC) and its five extended modes, and Negative Pulsed Current (NPC) mode and its three extended modes. However, the impact of the pulsed current parameters (i.e., frequency, duty cycle, and magnitude) on characteristics of Li-ion batteries has not been fully understood yet. The pulsed current charging technique is expected to improve the lifetime, charging speed, charging/discharging capacity, and the temperature rising of Li-ion batteries. However, there are still issues, which have to be solved, related to the fast-charging capability of EVs. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have been competitive in Electric Vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density and long lifetime.
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